Public transit usage and air quality index during the COVID-19 lockdown

The people suffering from coronavirus have to lead unprecedented actions including limiting travel especially using public transportation. Therefore, lockdown measures and social distancing to decelerate the distribution of the COVID-19 has become the new norm. Nevertheless, improvement in the ambient air quality of the cities globally has appeared as a key advantage of this lockdown. There is a lack of research in the field of public transportation mobility and the Air Quality Index (AQI) during the COVID-19 lockdown globally. Consequently, this research aims to examine the overall impact of the public transit usage and ambient air quality, i.e. both AQI and indicatory air pollutants, during the lockdown in 12 countries. Data collections for analysis of public transportation usage and air quality status during the lockdown and one year before this period were carried out utilizing public transportation application Moovit and World's Air Pollution. The results demonstrated that the lockdowns of 12 countries led to dramatically decreased human movements and public transit usage up to -90% until the end of March and it had no major changes until the end of May. In the case of ambient air quality, the average values of AQI in the 12 countries within lockdown 2020 for classes I(AQI:0-50), II(AQI:51-100), and III(AQI:101-150) increased by 12%, 9%, and 13% while for classes IV(AQI:151-200), V(AQI:201-300) and VI(AQI:301-greater) decreased by 10%, 27%, and 3% in comparison with the identical time throughout 2019. The results also indicate that throughout lockdown 2020, in the 12 countries, the percentages of indicatory air pollutants of PM2.5, PM10, SO₂, CO, and NO₂ were decreased by 16%, 21%, 41%, 48%, and 35% lower than those in the same time in 2019. Mechanism analysis and comparisons highlighted that the lockdowns of 12 countries led to decreased human mobility and improvement in the AQI around the world.