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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

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Photon beam energy dependent single-arc volumetric modulated arc optimization.

Shadab Momin1, James L Gräfe2, Konstantinos Georgiou3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|February 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new single-arc VMAT optimization framework using mixed photon energies (SAMP-VMAT) improves organ-at-risk sparing in larger patients. This advanced VMAT approach enhances treatment planning for prostate cancer by reducing complications without affecting target coverage.

Keywords:
Convex relaxationIMRTMultiple photon energy optimizationSingle arc VMAT

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Planning

Background:

  • Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) is a standard radiotherapy technique.
  • Optimizing VMAT plans for large patients with significant lateral separation presents challenges in organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel single-arc VMAT (SAMP) optimization framework.
  • This framework concurrently optimizes two photon energies (6 & 18 MV) and their partial arc lengths.

Main Methods:

  • A nonlinear optimization model was linearized using McCormick relaxations.
  • Energy-dependent intensity maps were decomposed into apertures.
  • The SAMP framework was tested on ten prostate cancer cases and compared to single-energy VMAT (SE-VMAT).

Main Results:

  • SAMP-VMAT demonstrated increased use of higher energy photons for cases with lateral separation >40 cm.
  • Significant improvements in bladder and rectum sparing were observed in larger cases.
  • SAMP-VMAT reduced normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for the bladder and rectum in large patients and decreased non-target tissue integral dose across all cases.

Conclusions:

  • A single-arc VMAT optimization framework utilizing mixed photon energies and partial arcs was successfully presented.
  • The proposed SAMP-VMAT approach shows feasibility and potential for enhanced OAR sparing in large patients.
  • This method maintains target homogeneity and coverage while improving safety.