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Related Concept Videos

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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
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Precession can be demonstrated effectively through a spinning top. If a spinning top is placed on a flat surface near the surface of the Earth at a vertical angle and is not spinning, it will fall over due to the force of gravity producing a torque acting on its center of mass. However, if the top is spinning on its axis, it precesses about the vertical direction, rather than topple over due to this torque. Precessional motion is a combination of a steady circular motion of the axis and the...
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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Updated: Nov 16, 2025

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The Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mast Camera Zoom (Mastcam-Z) Multispectral, Stereoscopic Imaging Investigation.

J F Bell1, J N Maki2, G L Mehall1

  • 1Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ USA.

Space Science Reviews
|February 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Mastcam-Z instrument provides high-resolution, multispectral, and stereoscopic imaging for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover. This advanced camera system aids in geological analysis and mission operations on Mars.

Keywords:
Jezero craterMarsMars 2020 missionPerseverance roverSpace imagingSpace instrumentation

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Remote Sensing
  • Geology

Background:

  • The Mars 2020 mission utilizes the Perseverance rover to explore Martian geology.
  • Mastcam-Z is an advanced, multispectral, stereoscopic imaging instrument developed for the Perseverance rover.
  • It builds upon heritage from the Mastcam instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide detailed morphological, topographical, and geological context imaging along the rover's traverse.
  • To constrain mineralogic, photometric, and physical properties of Martian surface materials.
  • To monitor atmospheric and astronomical phenomena and document sample collection sites.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizes a pair of focusable, 4:1 zoomable cameras with broadband and narrowband color imaging capabilities (400-1000 nm).
  • Cameras offer fields of view from 25.6°×19.2° to 6.2°×4.6°, resolving features from millimeters to centimeters at various distances.
  • Stereoscopic imaging is achieved with a 24.4 cm baseline, supported by a Remote Sensing Mast for articulation and onboard electronics for data processing.

Main Results:

  • Mastcam-Z delivers high-resolution (down to ~0.7 mm at 2 m) multispectral and stereo imagery.
  • The instrument enables detailed characterization of the Martian surface and atmosphere.
  • Calibration targets ensure accurate reflectance measurements for scientific analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Mastcam-Z is a crucial instrument for understanding Martian geology and environment.
  • Its data will inform geological interpretations, material property constraints, and mission operations.
  • The instrument's capabilities support the primary scientific objectives of the Mars 2020 mission.