Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

Published on: November 5, 2021

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SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates

Nikolaos C Kyriakidis1, Andrés López-Cortés2,3, Eduardo Vásconez González4

  • 1One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador. nickyriakidis82@yahoo.gr.

NPJ Vaccines
|February 23, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are in development, with many targeting the spike protein to block viral entry. Over 64 candidates exist, with 13 in Phase 3 trials for potential large-scale immunization.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an RNA virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • The pandemic has resulted in over 1.8 million deaths globally as of January 5th, 2021.
  • Development of an effective vaccine is critical to reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the status of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.
  • To highlight the strategies employed by vaccine candidates.
  • To assess the progress towards global immunization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of ongoing vaccine development efforts.
  • Analysis of vaccine platforms and targets.
  • Tracking of clinical trial phases.

Main Results:

  • Over 64 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are under development.
  • Most candidates aim to generate neutralizing antibodies against the spike (S) protein.
  • Thirteen vaccine candidates have advanced to Phase 3 clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Vaccine development for COVID-19 is progressing rapidly.
  • Targeting the spike protein is a common strategy for inducing immunity.
  • The advancement of candidates to Phase 3 trials indicates proximity to potential approval for widespread vaccination campaigns.

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