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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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An Efficient In Vitro Transposition Method by a Transcriptionally Regulated Sleeping Beauty System Packaged into an Integration Defective Lentiviral Vector
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Transposable elements: a jump toward the future of expression vectors.

Antonio Palazzo1, René Massimiliano Marsano2

  • 1Laboratory of Translational Nanotechnology, "Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II" I.R.C.C.S, Bari, Italy.

Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
|February 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) offer novel cis-regulatory sequences (CRSs) for advanced expression vectors (EVs). This research explores using TEs to improve EV design for diverse life science applications.

Keywords:
Promoterenhancerevolutionexpression vectorsinsulatorpatentingsilencerspecies-specificitytransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Expression vectors (EVs) are crucial tools in life sciences for DNA transcription.
  • Current EVs rely on viral or gene-derived cis-regulatory sequences (CRSs).
  • Transposable elements (TEs), or "jumping genes," possess native CRSs with unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate transposable elements (TEs) as a novel source for cis-regulatory sequences (CRSs) in expression vectors (EVs).
  • To discuss the advantages and limitations of TE-derived CRSs for improving EV design.
  • To explore the potential of TEs in developing next-generation EVs for cellular and cell-free applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synopsis of transcriptional control elements in current expression vectors.
  • Analysis of the characteristics and potential of transposable element-derived cis-regulatory sequences.
  • Discussion of the feasibility and benefits of implementing TE-based regulatory elements in EVs.

Main Results:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) possess native cis-regulatory sequences (CRSs) suitable for transcriptional control.
  • TE-derived CRSs present attractive alternatives to traditional regulatory elements in expression vectors (EVs).
  • Implementation of TE-derived sequences could significantly enhance the design and functionality of EVs.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements represent a promising, underutilized resource for engineering advanced expression vectors.
  • Adopting TE-derived regulatory sequences can lead to improved performance and broader applications of EVs.
  • This work introduces a new paradigm for EV design, leveraging the regulatory potential of TEs.