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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 16, 2025

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Isolated thyroid carcinoma in an ectopic thyroid tissue.

Gokulnath Nambiar¹, Harish Eshwarappa², Hema Kini³

¹General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

BMJ Case Reports

|February 27, 2021

Summary

Ectopic thyroid carcinoma, though rare, can occur in ectopic thyroid tissue. Early clinical suspicion and imaging are crucial for diagnosing this condition in patients with neck nodes and a normal thyroid.

Keywords:

endocrine cancer head and neck surgery thyroid disease

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Oncology
Developmental Biology

Background:

Ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) arises from abnormal thyroid gland embryogenesis.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignancy in ETT, occurring in less than 1% of cases.

Observation:

A 34-year-old male presented with neck nodal swelling.
Preoperative evaluation revealed papillary thyroid carcinoma in ETT with a normal thyroid gland and nodal metastasis.

Findings:

Histopathology confirmed ectopic thyroid carcinoma with metastasis to lymph nodes, despite a normal orthotopic thyroid.
The patient underwent surgical resection of the ectopic thyroid carcinoma and a Sistrunk's procedure.

Implications:

Consider ectopic thyroid carcinoma in differential diagnoses for neck masses with nodal metastasis, especially when the orthotopic thyroid is normal.
Enhanced clinical suspicion and advanced radiological imaging can improve preoperative diagnosis and patient outcomes.
This case highlights the importance of recognizing rare presentations of thyroid cancer for effective management.