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In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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[Lead in drinking water-an old problem, a new EU directive].

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Lead pipes continue to pollute drinking water, exceeding new EU limits. Health authorities must enforce regulations to protect vulnerable groups from this avoidable risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health
  • Water Quality Analysis

Background:

  • Lead pipes and alloys in plumbing contribute to drinking water contamination.
  • The EU's 2020 directive lowers the lead limit to 5 µg/l, with a 15-year transition period.
  • Lead exposure from drinking water is an avoidable health risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate the relevance of stricter lead limits in drinking water.
  • Formulate public health measures to prevent exposure, especially for vulnerable populations.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of routine drinking water samples from Bonn (1997-2019).
  • Analysis conducted by an accredited drinking water laboratory.

Main Results:

  • 75.36% of 16,060 samples were below the limit of quantification.
  • The median lead level in quantifiable samples consistently exceeded the future EU limit.
  • No discernible impact from the previous 10-year transition period (2003-2013) was observed.

Conclusions:

  • Lead contamination in drinking water remains a significant public health issue.
  • Consistent enforcement of regulations by health authorities is crucial.
  • Adequate resources are essential for health authorities to manage lead exposure risks.