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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Vortex Beam Generation by Spin-Orbit Interaction with Bloch Surface Waves.

Ugo Stella1, Thierry Grosjean2, Natascia De Leo3

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This study introduces a new method for generating vortex beams using dielectric multilayers and Bloch Surface Waves (BSWs), overcoming limitations of plasmonic devices for orbital angular momentum (OAM) applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Metamaterials
  • Nanophotonics

Background:

  • Plasmonic structures with grooves can transfer Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) via Surface Plasmons (SP).
  • However, plasmonics suffer from high absorption losses and polarization constraints, limiting visible spectrum applications.
  • Existing methods struggle with efficient OAM transfer near surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an alternative mechanism for vortex beam generation using dielectric multilayers.
  • To overcome the limitations of plasmonic devices for OAM applications.
  • To demonstrate efficient generation of free-space beams with controlled OAM and polarization.

Main Methods:

  • Launching TE-polarized Bloch Surface Waves (BSWs) on a dielectric multilayer using a tightly focused circularly polarized laser.
  • Utilizing the Spin-Orbit Interaction (SOI) of BSWs to create spiral wavefronts.
  • Diffracting BSWs using a surrounding spiral grating to impart geometric phase and couple out-of-plane.

Main Results:

  • Generated free-space vortex beams with controlled OAM and polarization.
  • Achieved OAM generation through BSW diffraction and geometric phase.
  • Demonstrated conservation of Total Angular Momentum based on incident polarization and grating properties.

Conclusions:

  • Dielectric multilayers offer a viable alternative to plasmonics for OAM generation.
  • BSWs provide a pathway for efficient OAM transfer and vortex beam creation.
  • Chiral diffractive structures combined with BSWs offer further potential for integrated light sources.