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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
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Transformation01:26

Transformation

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Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...
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Bacterial Phylum Bacteroidota01:26

Bacterial Phylum Bacteroidota

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The phylum Bacteroidota includes over 700 species classified into four primary orders: Bacteroidales, Cytophagales, Flavobacteriales, and Sphingobacteriales. These gram-negative, non-sporulating rods exhibit saccharolytic capabilities and can be aerobic or fermentative, encompassing obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, and obligate anaerobes. Many species display gliding motility, though some are nonmotile or use flagella. The genus Bacteroides is well-studied due to its significant role in...
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Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes01:27

Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes

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Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...
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Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Author Spotlight: Methods for Electroporation and Transformation Confirmation in Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM20016
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Bifidobacterium Transformation.

Emily C Hoedt1, Roger S Bongers2, Francesca Bottacini1

  • 1APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter presents a versatile electrotransformation protocol for Bifidobacterium species, enabling gene manipulation for strain improvement and characterization. The method achieves high transformation efficiencies, up to 10^7 transformants per microgram of DNA.

Keywords:
BifidobacterialElectroporationGenetic accessibilityProbiotic

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetic Engineering

Background:

  • Bifidobacterium species are crucial gut bacteria with significant probiotic potential.
  • Genetic manipulation of Bifidobacterium is essential for enhancing their beneficial properties and understanding their functions.
  • Existing transformation methods for Bifidobacterium can be inefficient or lack versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a generalized and versatile electrotransformation protocol for Bifidobacterium species.
  • To enable the introduction or modification of genes for phenotypic characterization.
  • To confer selective properties onto Bifidobacterium strains.

Main Methods:

  • A generic electrotransformation protocol applicable to various Bifidobacterium species.
  • Utilization of adaptable plasmid vectors and antibiotic selection markers.
  • Optimization of electrotransformation conditions for high efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high transformation efficiencies, reaching up to 10^7 transformants/μg of DNA.
  • Demonstrated the protocol's versatility with different plasmids and selection markers.
  • Successfully applied the method for gene knock-out/knock-in and conferring selective traits.

Conclusions:

  • The presented electrotransformation protocol is a robust and adaptable tool for genetic engineering of Bifidobacterium.
  • This method facilitates detailed phenotypic characterization and strain improvement of Bifidobacterium.
  • The protocol's high efficiency and versatility make it valuable for research and industrial applications.