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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
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X-ray-Based Techniques to Study the Nano-Bio Interface.

Carlos Sanchez-Cano1, Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla2,3, John M Abendroth4

  • 1Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain.

ACS Nano
|March 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray analytics offer significant potential for life sciences and medicine, particularly for understanding nanoparticle drug delivery and nano-bio interactions. Future advances aim to overcome limitations for in vivo applications.

Keywords:
X-ray techniquesdegradationdeliveryimagingnanoparticlesnano−bio interfacespectroscopysynchrotron radiation

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Area of Science:

  • Life Sciences
  • Medicine
  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Engineering

Background:

  • X-ray-based analytical techniques are widely used in physical sciences and engineering.
  • Their application in life sciences and medicine remains underexplored.
  • Nanoparticle-based systems are increasingly important in drug delivery and biological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight advances in X-ray-based methodologies for life sciences.
  • To explore the potential of these techniques for investigating the nano-bio interface.
  • To discuss applications in nanoparticle-based drug delivery and general nano-bio interactions.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray-based methodologies, including those at synchrotron light sources and X-ray free-electron lasers.
  • Investigation of the nano-bio interface.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • Current and upcoming advances in X-ray analytics for life sciences are presented.
  • Potential applications for understanding nano-bio interactions are discussed.
  • Limitations for in vivo applications are identified.

Conclusions:

  • X-ray techniques hold significant untapped potential for life sciences and medicine.
  • Further development is needed to overcome limitations, especially for in vivo studies.
  • These methods can enhance understanding and improvement of nanoparticle-based drug delivery.