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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

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Regional specification and complementation with non-neuroectodermal cells in human brain organoids.

Yoshiaki Tanaka1,2, In-Hyun Park3

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.

Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany)
|March 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Brain organoid technology is advancing rapidly, enabling disease modeling and drug screening. Recent developments include region-specific organoids and the incorporation of essential non-neuronal cells like microglia for better neural disorder research.

Keywords:
Brain organoidsCortical organoidsEndothelial cellsMicrogliaNeurodevelopmentNeuronsNon-neuroectodermal cellsOrganoid technologiesOrganoidshESCs

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • Organoid technology has emerged as a powerful tool in biomedical research.
  • Significant progress has been made in deriving brain organoids representing whole brains and specific regions.
  • Current brain organoid models often lack crucial non-neuroectodermal cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in neuronal organoid technologies.
  • To focus on region-specific brain organoids and their complementation with endothelial cells and microglia.
  • To discuss the potential applications of these advanced organoids in studying neuronal diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing have been coupled with organoid development.
  • Methods for rapid and efficient generation of cerebral organoids have been improved.
  • Strategies to incorporate vascular endothelial cells and microglia into brain organoids are being refined.

Main Results:

  • Regionally specified brain organoids allow investigation of specific brain region development and interaction.
  • Recent studies are addressing the lack of non-neuroectodermal cells in brain organoids.
  • These advancements enhance the utility of organoids for disease modeling and drug screening.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced neuronal organoid technologies, particularly region-specific models with added endothelial cells and microglia, hold significant promise.
  • These refined organoids offer improved platforms for understanding neurodevelopment and neural disorders.
  • Their application in disease modeling and drug screening for neuronal diseases is expanding.