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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted with a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis: Part 2 Epiretinal Implants with Retinal Tacks

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted with a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis: Part 2 Epiretinal Implants with Retinal Tacks

Published on: February 14, 2015

Epiretinal membrane: A review.

Adrian T Fung^1,2,3, Justin Galvin⁴, Tuan Tran²

¹Westmead Clinical School, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Eye Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology

|March 3, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) affects 7-11.8% of people, primarily due to aging. Vitrectomy with membrane peeling is the standard treatment for symptomatic ERMs, with ILM peeling potentially reducing recurrence.

Keywords:

ectopic inner foveal layer epiretinal membrane macular pucker myofibroblasts pre-macular fibrosis

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Retinal Diseases
Medical Imaging

Background:

Epiretinal membrane (ERM) prevalence ranges from 7% to 11.8%, with age as a key risk factor.
Common causes include cataract surgery, retinal vascular disease, uveitis, and retinal tears.
Myofibroblastic cells are believed to originate from glial and retinal pigment epithelial cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, prognostic factors, and treatment of epiretinal membranes.
To discuss the evolution of grading schemes from clinical signs to OCT-based classifications.
To highlight the role of OCT-angiography and surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on epiretinal membranes.
Discussion of clinical signs and ocular coherence tomography (OCT) based classification.
Analysis of prognostic indicators and treatment outcomes, including vitrectomy and ILM peeling.

Main Results:

Increasing age is the most significant risk factor for ERM.
OCT-based grading schemes, including the cotton ball sign, have been developed.
Absence of specific macular abnormalities and reduced foveal avascular zone size on OCT-angiography predict better outcomes.

Conclusions:

Vitrectomy with membrane peeling is the primary treatment for symptomatic ERMs.
Internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling can decrease recurrence but may cause anatomical changes like inner retinal dimpling.
Understanding prognostic factors aids in patient management and surgical decision-making.