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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Double-Layered Multifunctional Composite Electrolytes for High-Voltage Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries.

Zhongran Yao1,2, Kongjun Zhu1, Xia Li1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel double-layered solid composite electrolyte for high-voltage solid-state lithium-metal batteries. The new electrolyte enhances stability and performance, paving the way for safer, high-energy-density batteries.

Keywords:
Li-metal batteriesLi1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3high-voltage cathodelithium dendritesolid-state electrolytes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High-voltage solid-state lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are crucial for safe, high-energy-density storage.
  • Challenges remain in achieving stable interfaces between solid-state electrolytes and electrodes in LMBs.
  • Weak interfacial contact hinders the practical application of LMBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a stable and efficient solid-state electrolyte for high-voltage LMBs.
  • To address the interfacial challenges between electrolytes and electrodes in LMBs.
  • To improve the electrochemical performance and safety of LMBs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized a double-layered solid composite electrolyte (DLSCE).
  • The DLSCE features a PVDF-HFP-LATP layer at the cathode interface and a PEO-LATP layer at the Li metal anode.
  • Investigated ionic conductivity, redox window, and Li-metal stability.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high ionic conductivity (1.49 × 10-4 S/cm) and a wide redox window (4.82 V) at ambient temperature.
  • Demonstrated excellent Li-metal stability with stable Li-Li symmetric cell operation for over 600 hours.
  • Effective inhibition of lithium dendrite formation was observed.
  • Achieved 85% capacity retention after 100 cycles with 100% Coulombic efficiency in a Li/DLSCE/NCM111 cell.

Conclusions:

  • The DLSCE structure effectively enhances ionic transfer and interfacial stability in high-voltage LMBs.
  • The developed electrolyte shows significant potential for next-generation safe and high-energy-density batteries.
  • This work provides a promising strategy for overcoming interfacial issues in solid-state batteries.