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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Amyloid Fibrils03:03

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Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Related Experiment Video

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Hybrid PET/MRI Imaging of Alzheimer's Disease Based on 18F-AV-1451
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Alzheimer's disease.

Philip Scheltens1, Bart De Strooper2, Miia Kivipelto3

  • 1Alzheimer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Life Science Partners, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Lancet (London, England)
|March 5, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing global concern, with increasing prevalence and strong genetic links. Early detection via biomarkers and potential lifestyle interventions offer hope for managing AD progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Gerontology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevalence is projected to double in Europe and triple globally by 2050.
  • AD's early cellular phase involves amyloid-beta accumulation and tau pathology spread.
  • Heritability accounts for 60-80% of AD risk, with APOE alleles being key genetic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in Alzheimer's disease research.
  • To discuss emerging diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for AD.
  • To highlight the role of genetics and lifestyle in AD development and management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and seminar findings on Alzheimer's disease.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on dementia prevalence.
  • Examination of genetic risk factors, including APOE alleles.
  • Evaluation of novel biomarkers (PET scans, plasma assays) for amyloid-beta and phosphorylated tau.
  • Assessment of multidomain lifestyle interventions and pharmacological treatments in clinical trials.

Main Results:

  • Significant increase in projected dementia prevalence worldwide.
  • Identification of over 40 genetic risk loci for AD, with APOE alleles showing the strongest association.
  • Promising results from novel biomarkers for early AD detection and monitoring.
  • Evidence suggesting cognitive benefits from multidomain lifestyle interventions.
  • Advancement of anti-amyloid-beta, anti-tau, and anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Alzheimer's disease presents a significant and growing public health challenge.
  • Early detection through advanced biomarkers and potential genetic insights are crucial for AD management.
  • Lifestyle interventions may offer benefits for cognitive health in individuals at risk for AD.
  • Emerging pharmacological treatments targeting key pathological pathways show promise for future AD therapy.