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Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
Published on: September 14, 2013
Suggestions for the prevention of Clostridioides difficile spread within outpatient hemodialysis facilities
Erika M C D'Agata1, Ibironke W Apata2, Stephanie Booth3
1Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Abstract:
Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Patients on maintenance hemodialysis are 2 to 2.5 times more likely to develop CDI, with mortality rates 2-fold higher than the general population. Hospitalizations due to CDI among the maintenance hemodialysis population are high, and the frequency of antibiotic exposures and hospitalizations may contribute to CDI risk. In this report, a panel of experts in clinical nephrology, infectious diseases, and infection prevention provide guidance, based on expert opinion and published literature, aimed at preventing the spread of CDI in outpatient hemodialysis facilities.
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