Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

8.5K
During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
8.5K
Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

109.4K
The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
109.4K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

16.9K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
16.9K
Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

565
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
565
The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

2.7K
The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
2.7K
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

18.7K
The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
18.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Inhibitory Effect of ATP on Cytochrome c Oxidase Depends on Electron Entry Pathways by TCA Cycle Metabolites.

Cells·2026
Same author

Add-Ons of Heart Disease from the Cardiosurgical Perspective: Gender, Blood Groups and Renal Function.

Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Enhanced Bioavailability and Health Benefits of Blueberry Anthocyanins: An Updated Review on Mechanisms and Approaches.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

"Emerging role of plasma kallikrein inhibitors in preventing hereditary angioedema flares in pregnancy".

Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)·2026
Same author

Stability of conventional vs. Pickering emulsions using ovalbumin-anionic starch complexes for spray-dried lipid microcapsules.

Food chemistry: X·2025
Same author

MINOCA and SCAD in Young Adults: Diagnostic-Prevention Gaps and the Case for Community CPR Preparedness.

Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions·2025
Same journal

RETRACTED: Bakshi et al. Crocin Inhibits Angiogenesis and Metastasis in Colon Cancer via TNF-α/NF-kB/VEGF Pathways. <i>Cells</i> 2022, <i>11</i>, 1502.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Correction: Verde et al. Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Aggregation in ALS-FTD: Focus on TDP-43 and Cellular Protective Responses. <i>Cells</i> 2025, <i>14</i>, 680.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Inflammation in Cardiomyopathies: Cellular Mechanisms Across Cardiac Phenotype.

Cells·2026
Same journal

IL-4/IL-13-Driven Dysregulation of Epidermal Lipid Metabolism in Atopic Dermatitis: An Immunometabolic Link Between Type 2 Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Activity of DNA- and RNA-Guided Prokaryotic Argonautes in Human Mitochondria.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Placental Pathophysiology in Maternal Psychoactive Substance Use: Biological, Clinical, and Forensic Perspectives.

Cells·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

2.1K

Multiple Mechanisms Regulate Eukaryotic Cytochrome C Oxidase.

Rabia Ramzan1, Bernhard Kadenbach2, Sebastian Vogt3

  • 1Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35043 Marburg, Germany.

Cells
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study details allosteric ATP inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (COX), a key enzyme in respiration. This regulation, found in early life forms like cyanobacteria, is crucial for mitochondrial function.

Keywords:
ROS generationadenine nucleotidescytochrome c oxidaseefficiencyelectron transportenergy metabolismmitochondriaregulationrespiration

More Related Videos

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
08:04

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 13, 2014

12.5K
Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution
08:37

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution

Published on: June 1, 2017

14.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
05:27

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools

Published on: July 20, 2022

2.1K
A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry
08:04

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 13, 2014

12.5K
Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution
08:37

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution

Published on: June 1, 2017

14.5K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Respiration

Background:

  • Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the primary regulatory enzyme in mitochondrial respiration.
  • COX regulation by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an ancient mechanism, present in cyanobacteria but not other bacteria.
  • Supernumerary subunits, common in eukaryotic COX, are largely absent in bacterial COX.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed description of the allosteric ATP inhibition of COX.
  • To explore the evolutionary significance and presence of ATP-regulated COX in different organisms.
  • To investigate the recent findings of allosteric ATP inhibition in isolated rat heart mitochondria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing research on COX regulation.
  • Comparative analysis of COX structures and regulatory mechanisms across different species (cyanobacteria, bacteria, eukaryotes).
  • Examination of recent experimental data on rat heart mitochondria.

Main Results:

  • Allosteric ATP inhibition of COX is a conserved regulatory mechanism with early evolutionary origins.
  • The presence of specific regulatory subunits influences COX activity, with differences between bacterial and eukaryotic forms.
  • Allosteric ATP inhibition of COX has been recently confirmed in intact isolated rat heart mitochondria.

Conclusions:

  • The allosteric ATP inhibition of COX is a fundamental regulatory process essential for mitochondrial respiration.
  • Understanding this mechanism provides insights into the evolution of cellular energy production.
  • Further research into COX regulation, particularly ATP inhibition, is warranted for understanding mitochondrial diseases.