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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Understanding the Salt-Dependent Outcome of Glycine Polymorphic Nucleation.

Guangjun Han1, Pui Shan Chow1, Reginald B H Tan2

  • 1Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A-STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore.

Pharmaceutics
|March 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Seven salts were studied for their effects on glycine crystal nucleation. Some salts selectively promote stable gamma-glycine, while others unexpectedly promote both alpha- and gamma-glycine, clarifying salt-governed polymorphic selectivity.

Keywords:
glycineinorganic salt additivespolymorph controlsolution crystallization

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallization science
  • Materials science
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • The formation of different glycine crystal structures (polymorphs) from solutions, particularly the salt-dependent polymorphs, has been a persistent challenge.
  • Understanding glycine polymorphism is crucial for controlling crystal properties in various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of seven common salts on the primary nucleation of metastable alpha-glycine and stable gamma-glycine.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind salt-induced glycine polymorphic selectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting primary nucleation experiments of glycine in the presence of seven different salts.
  • Performing in-depth data analysis to quantify the effects of each salt on alpha- and gamma-glycine nucleation.

Main Results:

  • Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), and potassium nitrate (KNO3) significantly promoted gamma-glycine nucleation while inhibiting alpha-glycine nucleation.
  • Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) showed similar trends but were insufficient to induce gamma-glycine formation.
  • Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) unexpectedly promoted the nucleation of both alpha- and gamma-glycine, with the latter failing to dominate.

Conclusions:

  • Specific salts like (NH4)2SO4, NaCl, and KNO3 are effective in selectively inducing gamma-glycine formation by promoting its nucleation and inhibiting alpha-glycine.
  • The contrasting effects of different salts highlight the complex interplay between additives and glycine nucleation pathways.
  • This study provides critical insights into salt-governed glycine polymorphic selectivity, aiding in controlled crystallization processes.