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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Rational drug product design integrates knowledge of the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation components, manufacturing techniques, and intended route of administration. Each factor influences the drug’s performance, including how it is released, absorbed, and eliminated in the body.The physicochemical properties of a drug—such as solubility, stability, and particle size—affect its compatibility with excipients and the choice of dosage form. Excipients, though...
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COVID-19 vaccines: rapid development, implications, challenges and future prospects.

Shivaji Kashte1, Arvind Gulbake2, Saadiq F El-Amin Iii3,4

  • 1Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, D.Y. Patil Education Society (Institution Deemed To Be University), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416006, India.

Human Cell
|March 7, 2021
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Summary

The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines offers hope, but accelerated approval processes and evolving SARS-CoV-2 strains present challenges. This review discusses vaccine types, development, and future prospects for pandemic mitigation.

Keywords:
COVID-19COVID-19 vaccineEmergency use authorizationSARS-Cov-2Vaccine hesitancy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has caused global health and economic crises, with no definitive treatments available.
  • Vaccination is the primary strategy to control the pandemic, with numerous vaccine candidates in development.
  • Accelerated development and Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for COVID-19 vaccines raise questions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review different types of COVID-19 vaccines and their development.
  • To compare the rapid COVID-19 vaccine development timeline with traditional methods.
  • To discuss challenges and future prospects related to COVID-19 vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on COVID-19 vaccine development.
  • Analysis of vaccine candidate numbers in preclinical and clinical stages.
  • Examination of approved vaccines under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA).

Main Results:

  • As of the review, 232 vaccine candidates exist, with 60 in clinical development and 9 approved under EUA globally.
  • Rapid development cycles distinguish COVID-19 vaccines from traditional vaccine timelines.
  • Emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains (e.g., from UK and South Africa) pose new challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Safe and effective vaccine distribution is a global priority for pandemic control.
  • Unanswered questions surround the accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development and EUA process.
  • Addressing challenges posed by viral mutations and ensuring equitable vaccine access are critical for future prospects.