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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

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Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
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The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a crucial role in preparing the body for stress, physical activity, and increased energy demands. This division activates the "fight-or-flight" response, enabling individuals to respond effectively to challenging situations.
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 15, 2025

Collection and Processing of Lymph Nodes from Large Animals for RNA Analysis: Preparing for Lymph Node Transcriptomic Studies of Large Animal Species
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Sympathetic nerve distribution in human lymph nodes.

Cindy G J Cleypool1, Claire Mackaaij1, Dyonne Lotgerink Bruinenberg2

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Journal of Anatomy
|March 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human lymph nodes possess sympathetic nerves throughout various compartments, including the capsule, medulla, and hilum. These nerves, sometimes interacting with T cells, suggest a local regulatory role and potential therapeutic targets for immune modulation.

Keywords:
adrenergic innervationlymph nodeneuroimmune regulationsympathetic innervationsympathetic nerves

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Sympathetic nervous system regulates lymph node functions in rodents.
  • Human lymph node innervation is poorly understood.
  • Afferent nerves may be therapeutic targets for immune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively map sympathetic nerve presence and location in human lymph nodes.
  • To investigate the relationship between sympathetic nerves and T cells within lymph nodes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 15 human inguinal lymph nodes from cadavers.
  • Histological staining (HE, T/B cell, triple stain for nerves, vessels, T cells).
  • Synaptophysin staining to identify synaptic activity.

Main Results:

  • Sympathetic nerves found in capsule, medulla, and hilum of all lymph nodes.
  • Nerves also present in the cortex (13/15 nodes).
  • Nerves observed in relation to T cells and in connective tissues, with varicosities indicating local function.

Conclusions:

  • Human lymph nodes are innervated by sympathetic nerves in multiple compartments.
  • Discrete nerves suggest regulation beyond blood vessels, supported by synaptic activity markers.
  • Findings are relevant for understanding neural regulation of immune responses and developing neuromodulatory therapies.