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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

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The Divine Proportion: Origins and Usage in Plastic Surgery.

Kun Hwang¹, Chan Yong Park²

¹Department of Plastic Surgery, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open

|March 8, 2021

Summary

The divine proportion, or golden ratio, has historical roots in art but lacks scientific basis for beauty in plastic surgery. Beauty is likely biological, not mathematical.

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Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Aesthetic Surgery
Medical Humanities

Background:

The concept of the divine proportion, or golden ratio, has a long history, originating in art and architecture.
Its application and perceived aesthetic value have been debated and investigated over centuries.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the historical origins of the divine proportion.
To examine its purported use and efficacy in plastic and aesthetic surgery.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed using keywords such as 'golden ratio,' 'plastic surgery,' 'aesthetic surgery,' and 'face.'
Initial search yielded 65 articles; after exclusions, 5 full articles and 11 additional articles were reviewed.

Main Results:

No evidence supports the use of the golden ratio in art before 1509.
While some studies suggest the golden ratio is aesthetically pleasing, facial masks based on it do not fit average features or perceptions of beauty.
The Marquardt facial mask, embodying the golden ratio, failed to align with average European facial features or ideals of femininity.

Conclusions:

Mathematical regularity exists in nature and the human body, but does not equate to a mathematical 'formula of beauty.'
The essence of beauty cannot be derived solely from mathematical formulas.
Beauty is suggested to be fundamentally biological rather than purely mathematical.