A review of fruit juice authenticity assessments: Targeted and untargeted analyses

Fruit juices are becoming more and more popular in the whole world. However, the increasing fruit juice fraud cases are undermining the healthy development of fruit juice industry. Fruit juice authenticity represents an important food quality and safety parameter. Many techniques have been applied in fruit juices authenticity assessment. The purpose of this review is to provide a research overview of the targeted and untargeted analyses of fruit authentication, and a method selection guide for fruit juice authenticity assessment. Targeted markers, such as stable isotopes, phenolics, carbohydrates, organic acids, volatile components, DNAs, amino acids and proteins, as well as carotenoids, will be discussed. And untargeted techniques, including liquid/gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/optical emission spectrometer, fluorescence spectra, electronic sensors and others, will be reviewed. The emerging untargeted for novel targeted marker analysis will be also summarized.