Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

387
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
387
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

567
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
567
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

815
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
815
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

391
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
391
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

6.1K
Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
6.1K
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

395
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
395

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Nanomedicine-based sensitization and resistance reversal in immunotherapy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma: from tumor microenvironment to precision delivery.

Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England)·2026
Same author

Revisiting gastric cancer disparities in Asian American subgroups: insights from the SEER database.

Frontiers in oncology·2026
Same author

Bioresponsive microneedle stent provides anastomosis and postoperative adjuvant therapy in preclinical resectable intestinal diseases.

Science translational medicine·2026
Same author

Recent achievements on nonflammable electrolytes with ethoxy(pentafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene for stable and safe lithium-ion batteries.

Chemical science·2026
Same author

ALKBH2 promotes the Warburg effect and bladder cancer progression under hypoxic conditions via the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Clinical and experimental medicine·2026
Same author

Lyophilized bacteria-infected tumor cells for targeted immunotherapy of lung metastases and associated fibrosis.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same journal

Vertically Stacked Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide-Based Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Tunable Nanoparticle Thin-Film Reveals Distance Dependence of Auger-Mediated Radiation Enhancement in Diffuse Midline Glioma.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

G-Quadruplex Network Engineering in Ionogels: Realizing Robust Biosensing Interfaces for Plant Electrophysiology.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Announcing the 2026 <i>ACS Nano</i> Lectureship and <i>ACS Nano</i> Impact Award Laureates.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast Self-Assembly of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Enables Antibody Orientation for Ultrasensitive Lateral Flow Immunoassays.

ACS nano·2026
Same journal

Interfacial Salt Engineering with Alkali and Ammonium Additives for Stable Pure-Blue Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes and Micropatterned Displays.

ACS nano·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Sustained Administration of &#946;-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
09:31

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

7.5K

Injectable Biodegradable Polymeric Complex for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery.

Jinqiang Wang1,2,3,4, Zejun Wang3,4, Guojun Chen3,4,5

  • 1College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

ACS Nano
|March 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel glucose-responsive polymer for insulin delivery, aiming to improve blood glucose control in diabetes while minimizing hypoglycemia risk. The developed polymer-insulin complexes show promise for real-time glucose regulation.

Keywords:
diabetesdrug deliveryglucose-responsiveinsulinstimuli-responsive release

More Related Videos

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
09:39

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

8.4K
Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering
12:22

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Published on: October 26, 2016

12.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Sustained Administration of &#946;-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
09:31

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

7.5K
Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
09:39

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

Published on: February 7, 2021

8.4K
Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering
12:22

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Published on: October 26, 2016

12.1K

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin therapy is crucial for type 1 and advanced type 2 diabetes management.
  • A significant challenge is insulin's narrow therapeutic window, increasing hypoglycemia risk.
  • Developing glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems can enhance glycemic control and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a biodegradable, glucose-responsive cationic polymer for advanced insulin delivery.
  • To investigate how polymer modification and insulin ratios affect glucose-dependent insulin release.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of these polymer-insulin complexes in regulating blood glucose in diabetic mice.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a poly(l-lysine)-derived biodegradable cationic polymer.
  • Modification of the polymer with arylboronic acid to achieve glucose responsiveness.
  • Formation of polymer-insulin complexes at varying polymer-to-insulin ratios.
  • In vitro assessment of glucose-dependent insulin release kinetics.
  • In vivo evaluation of blood glucose regulation in type 1 diabetic mouse models.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized polymer demonstrated effective glucose-responsive characteristics.
  • Varying the arylboronic acid modification degree and polymer-to-insulin ratio modulated insulin release profiles.
  • The polymer-insulin complexes successfully regulated blood glucose levels in diabetic mice.
  • Accelerated insulin release was observed in response to hyperglycemic conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Biodegradable glucose-responsive cationic polymers can be effectively utilized for developing advanced insulin delivery systems.
  • These polymer-insulin complexes offer a promising strategy for real-time, glucose-stimulated insulin release.
  • This approach holds potential for improved diabetes management with reduced hypoglycemia risk.