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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Thyroid surgery in children: our experience.

P Zahradnikova, L Fědorová, J Babala

    Rozhledy V Chirurgii : Mesicnik Ceskoslovenske Chirurgicke Spolecnosti
    |March 11, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pediatric thyroid surgery is rare, with nodules and Graves' disease being common reasons. Surgeon experience and multidisciplinary care are key for optimal outcomes in children undergoing thyroid operations.

    Keywords:
    thyroid gland − thyroid carcinomathyroidectomy − NLR paresis − node in children

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    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric Surgery
    • Endocrine Surgery
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Thyroid surgery in children is an infrequent procedure.
    • This study highlights the specific considerations for pediatric thyroid operations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline the characteristics and outcomes of thyroid surgery in pediatric patients.
    • To emphasize the importance of surgeon experience and collaborative care.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 81 pediatric patients undergoing thyroid surgery between 2007 and 2016.
    • Data collection included patient demographics, surgical indications, procedures performed, and postoperative complications.

    Main Results:

    • The majority of patients (81%) were girls, with a mean age of 14 years.
    • Common indications included thyroid nodules (44.4%), Graves' disease (23.5%), and suspected carcinoma (13.6%).
    • Total thyroidectomy was the most frequent procedure (53%); 14.8% experienced complications, including transient recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and hypoparathyroidism.

    Conclusions:

    • Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential for achieving optimal surgical results in pediatric thyroid procedures.
    • The experience of the surgeon is a critical factor in the success of thyroid surgery in children.