Carrier Gases and Their Effects on Aerosol Drug Delivery

Carrier gases provide the medium for delivery of inhaled aerosol therapies. The physical properties of these gases substantially affect both fluid and aerosol mechanics in the lung. Gas density affects both the pressure/flow relationship in the airways and the extent of turbulence within the flow. These physical properties also affect the operation of some components of respiratory and aerosol drug delivery equipment. The lower resistance associated with breathing low density gases has prompted many studies of therapeutic applications. This includes the respiration of helium-oxygen gas mixtures to improve oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal, and the use of these gases to improve the delivery of inhaled medications. Results of these studies have been mixed but meta-analyses indicate a benefit of helium-oxygen respiration for croup and bronchiolitis and for bronchodilator delivery in obstructive disease. Some of the variability demonstrated in these studies is likely associated with specific technical aspects of how the gases are delivered. The utility of alternate carrier gases for aerosol delivery would be facilitated by simultaneous assessment of both aerosol deposition and clinical effect during studies. Previous successful applications may offer a basis for improved delivery system designs that fully realize the effects that might be available with these gases.