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Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

Oogenesis, the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
The process of spermatogenesis can be divided into mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During mitosis, the spermatogonia or stem cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, type A and B spermatogonia. Type-A...

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 14, 2025

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Published on: October 20, 2019

Spermatogonium-Derived Complete Hydatidiform Mole.

Hirokazu Usui¹, Makio Shozu¹

¹From the Department of Reproductive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.

The New England Journal of Medicine

|March 11, 2021

Summary

This study reports a rare case of complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) with paternal DNA only. The CHM developed after assisted reproductive technology and required chemotherapy for resolution.

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Genetics
Oncology

Background:

Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is a pregnancy complication characterized by abnormal placental growth with only paternal genetic material.
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) involve manipulating gametes and embryos, carrying potential risks for abnormal conception outcomes.

Observation:

A CHM developed following the intrauterine implantation of a blastocyst created via in vitro injection of a presumed round spermatid into an oocyte.
The resulting CHM was genetically identical to the paternal somatic cells and lacked any maternal nuclear DNA.

Findings:

The CHM demonstrated complete paternal disomy, suggesting an error in gamete selection during ART, likely involving a spermatogonium instead of a spermatid.
The patient developed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, a malignant form of the mole, which ultimately resolved with chemotherapy.

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Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

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Implications:

This case highlights the critical importance of precise gamete selection in ART to prevent androgenetic conceptions like CHM.
Understanding the genetic origins of CHM is crucial for accurate diagnosis, management, and the development of targeted therapies for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.