Reduced Physical Activity Alters the Leucine-Stimulated Translatome in Aged Skeletal Muscle

Periods of inactivity experienced by older adults induce nutrient anabolic resistance creating a cascade of skeletal muscle transcriptional and translational aberrations contributing to muscle dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to identify how inactivity alters leucine-stimulated translation of molecules and pathways within the skeletal muscle of older adults. We performed ribosomal profiling alongside RNA sequencing from skeletal muscle biopsies taken from older adults (n = 8; ~72 years; 6 F/2 M) in response to a leucine bolus before (Active) and after (Reduced Activity) 2 weeks of reduced physical activity. At both visits, muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, 60 minutes (early response), and 180 minutes (late response) after leucine ingestion. Previously identified inactivity-related gene transcription changes (PFKFB3, GADD45A, NMRK2) were heightened by leucine with corresponding changes in translation. In contrast, leucine also stimulated translational efficiency of several transcripts in a manner not explained by corresponding changes in mRNA abundance ("uncoupled translation"). Inactivity eliminated this uncoupled translational response for several transcripts, and reduced the translation of most mRNAs encoding for ribosomal proteins. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified discordant circadian translation and transcription as a result of inactivity such as translation changes to PER2 and PER3 despite unchanged transcription. We demonstrate inactivity alters leucine-stimulated "uncoupled translation" of ribosomal proteins and circadian regulators otherwise not detectable by traditional RNA sequencing. Innovative techniques such as ribosomal profiling continues to further our understanding of how physical activity mediates translational regulation, and will set a path toward therapies that can restore optimal protein synthesis on the transcript-specific level to combat negative consequences of inactivity on aging muscle.