Influence of lincomycin on anaerobic digestion: Sludge type, biogas generation, methanogenic pathway and resistance...

This study investigated the tolerance, defensive response and methanogenic pathways of anaerobic granular slugde and anaerobic suspended sludge (AGS and ASS) exposed to different LCM concentrations. AGS presented a higher tolerance to LCM stress, accompanied with 20.8 ± 2.6% enhancement in methane production at 1000 mg/L LCM, which was likely attributed to the less cell deaths and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) protection. In the acidification stage, acetate accumulation was stimulated and the activity of acetate kinase was promoted by LCM. In the methanogenesis stage, propionate and butyrate utilization for methane production were impaired after LCM addition. LCM also improved the activity of pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase and strengthened the process of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, likely by accelerating interspecies electron transfer mediated by hydrogen. ErmB and ermF were the dominate LCM resistance genes in AGS under LCM pressure conferring the resistance mechanism of ribosomal protection.