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Updated: Nov 13, 2025
05:07
Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network
Published on: February 16, 2016
11.2K
Changes in gingivitis and protective factors among adults: A 4-year prospective population-based study
Barbara R Christofoli1, Fernando S Rios1, Ricardo S A Costa1
1Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
|March 15, 2021
Summary
Gingivitis decreased in adults over four years. Factors like good oral hygiene, normal weight, and younger age protected against gum inflammation, while smoking showed a protective effect.
Area of Science:
- Periodontology
- Public Health
Background:
- Longitudinal data on adult gingivitis are scarce.
- Understanding gingivitis progression and protective factors is crucial for oral health management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess changes in gingivitis over a 4-year period in an adult population.
- To identify factors that protect against or exacerbate gingivitis.
Main Methods:
- A cohort of 1023 adults was initially studied, with 402 re-examined after 4 years.
- Gingivitis was measured using the gingival bleeding index (GB).
- Multivariable Poisson regression analyzed 11 potential risk factors for gingivitis reduction.
Main Results:
- Gingivitis prevalence (GB ≥10%) decreased from 72.4% to 53.8%.
- Toothbrushing ≥3 times/day increased the probability of gingivitis reduction by 72%.
- Normal weight, younger age, absence of periodontitis, and smoking were associated with improved gingivitis outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Gingivitis significantly reduced in the studied adult population over 4 years.
- Key protective factors include good oral hygiene, normal weight, younger age, and absence of periodontitis.
- Smoking demonstrated a potential protective association with gingivitis, possibly due to vasoconstriction.
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