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Related Concept Videos

Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

315
Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
315
Zones of Protection01:16

Zones of Protection

570
In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
Protective zones are defined by closed dashed lines, containing one or more components. A key characteristic of these zones is the strategic placement of...
570
Reclosers and Fuses01:26

Reclosers and Fuses

324
Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
A comprehensive protection scheme for radial distribution...
324
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

300
Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
300
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

370
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
370
Conservation of AC Power01:15

Conservation of AC Power

471
The principle of power preservation is applicable to both ac and dc circuits. This principle, when applied to AC power, asserts that the complex, real, and reactive powers produced by the source are equal to the total complex, real, and reactive powers absorbed by the loads. When two load impedances are connected in parallel to an ac source V, the complex power provided by the source can be calculated using the relation
471

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XT-considered multiple backup paths and resources shared protection scheme based on ring covers.

Shan Yin, Shijia Guo, Xiangkai Meng

    Optics Express
    |March 17, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study enhances survivability in space division multiplexing elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) using ring cover protection. The proposed algorithms effectively recover over 72.8% of traffic after link failures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical networking
    • Telecommunications
    • Network survivability

    Background:

    • Resource allocation in optical networks is complex due to Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) and flexible grid technology.
    • Existing research on SDM-EONs primarily focuses on link protection or restoration, with limited investigation into survivability using ring covers.
    • Ring cover protection schemes offer benefits like reduced restoration time and costs, but their application to the Routing, Spectrum, and Core Assignment (RSCA) problem in SDM-EONs is underexplored.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To deepen the investigation of survivability in SDM-EONs by focusing on link protection strategies.
    • To address the underexplored Routing, Spectrum, and Core Assignment (RSCA) problem for link protection in SDM-EONs utilizing ring covers.
    • To propose and evaluate novel algorithms for enhancing network survivability and optimizing resource utilization in SDM-EONs.

    Main Methods:

    • Selecting an optimal set of rings for link protection across the network topology, adhering to specified constraints.
    • Developing an algorithm to recover traffic disrupted by link failures, leveraging the selected ring cover.
    • Implementing resource allocation algorithms that satisfy spectrum contiguity and core continuity constraints, considering physical impairments.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed algorithms effectively select rings for comprehensive link protection and traffic recovery.
    • The developed protection scheme successfully recovers at least 72.8% of traffic under simulated link failures with 1000 traffic requests.
    • Resource allocation considering both spatial and spectral dimensions leads to improved survivability outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully enhances the survivability of SDM-EONs through a novel ring cover-based link protection strategy.
    • The proposed algorithms demonstrate significant effectiveness in traffic recovery and resource management under failure scenarios.
    • This work contributes a valuable approach to addressing the RSCA problem in SDM-EONs, improving overall network resilience.