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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System
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Fetal heart rate development during labour.

Jarle Urdal1, Kjersti Engan2, Trygve Eftestøl2

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway. jarle.urdal@uis.no.

Biomedical Engineering Online
|March 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) significantly drops in the final 150 minutes of labor for all outcomes. An earlier, larger FHR drop in the perinatal mortality group suggests potential for earlier intervention to save lives.

Keywords:
Fetal heart ratePerinatal mortalitySignal processing

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatal health
  • Fetal monitoring
  • Neonatal outcomes

Background:

  • Fresh stillbirths (FSB) and very early neonatal deaths (VEND) cause 2.6 million annual deaths, primarily in low-income countries.
  • Fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring assesses fetal well-being during labor and birth.
  • Trends in FHR changes preceding birth for various outcomes remain understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze FHR changes in the final stages of labor.
  • To investigate FHR trends associated with different neonatal outcomes (normal, observation, perinatal mortality).
  • To assess FHR variability in relation to labor progression and neonatal well-being.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized FHR data from 3711 labors in a low-income country.
  • Applied signal pre-processing to ensure FHR signal trustworthiness.
  • Developed an analysis framework using median FHR in 10-min windows to study FHR development and spread over time.

Main Results:

  • A significant median FHR drop from 134 bpm to 119 bpm was observed in the last 150 minutes of labor across all labors.
  • All outcome groups showed a decrease in median FHR and an increased FHR spread during this period.
  • The perinatal mortality group exhibited an earlier and more pronounced FHR drop.

Conclusions:

  • A significant FHR drop in the final 150 minutes of labor is a common finding for both normal and neonates requiring neonatal care unit (NCU) admission.
  • The pronounced FHR drop in the perinatal mortality group may signal distress and the potential benefit of earlier intervention.
  • Further research with larger datasets is needed to confirm findings in the perinatal mortality group.