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Glucocorticoids, metabolism and brain activity.

Aneta Jaszczyk1, Grzegorz R Juszczak1

  • 1Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, 36a Postepu str., Poland.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|March 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Elevated glucocorticoids impact brain activity and energy metabolism, offering adaptive benefits for tasks but risking metabolic stress and impaired energy production with excessive exposure, highlighting allostatic load.

Keywords:
ATPBrain metabolismCorticosteroneCortisolElectrophysiologyGABAGlucocorticoidsGlucoseGlutamateGlycogenGlycolysisHydroxybutyrateKetone bodiesLactateMicrodialysisMitochondriaNoradrenalineOxygenc-FosfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Glucocorticoids are key stress hormones influencing brain function.
  • Understanding their precise effects on neuronal activity and brain metabolism is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize diverse experimental data on glucocorticoid effects on brain activity and metabolism.
  • To elucidate the adaptive and maladaptive consequences of glucocorticoid exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemistry
  • c-Fos expression analysis
  • Microdialysis (neurotransmitters: glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline, serotonin)
  • Electrophysiology
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Main Results:

  • Glucocorticoids modulate neuronal activity, causing context-specific excitation and inhibition to support task responses.
  • Brain energy metabolism is diversified with increased glucose, lactate, pyruvate, mannose, and ketone bodies.
  • Mismatches in carbohydrate supply/utilization and impaired ATP production/mitochondrial oxidation occur with excessive glucocorticoids, leading to metabolic stress.

Conclusions:

  • Glucocorticoids exert both beneficial, adaptive effects and detrimental, maladaptive effects on the brain.
  • These dual effects align with the principles of allostatic load and overload in stress physiology.