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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Cefepime-Induced Encephalopathy.

Dinesh Keerty1, Naser A Shareef2, Asha Ramsakal3

  • 1Internal and Hospital Medicine, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, USA.

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|March 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cefepime antibiotic can cause encephalopathy, a brain dysfunction. Stopping cefepime treatment rapidly resolves these neurological symptoms.

Keywords:
cefepime-induced neurotoxicityencephalopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.
  • Cefepime-induced encephalopathy is an underrecognized adverse effect.
  • This condition is often associated with renal dysfunction and blood-brain barrier inflammation.

Observation:

  • A 74-year-old male with a hepatobiliary abscess due to Pseudomonas infection was treated with intravenous cefepime.
  • The patient developed acutely worsening cognitive changes approximately five days after initiating cefepime therapy.
  • Elevated cefepime levels (160 µg/mL) were detected.

Findings:

  • Cefepime may antagonize gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) receptors and inhibit GABA release.
  • Clinical manifestations include impaired consciousness, delirium, myoclonus, and seizures.
  • Neurotoxicity is linked to elevated cefepime levels, particularly in patients with renal impairment.

Implications:

  • Recognizing cefepime as a potential cause of acute encephalopathy is crucial for timely diagnosis.
  • Cessation of cefepime therapy is the primary treatment, leading to rapid resolution of neurotoxicity within 48 hours.
  • This case highlights the importance of considering drug-induced neurotoxicity in patients presenting with altered mental status.