Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 12, 2025
Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System
Published on: July 11, 2025
Point-of-Care Digital Cytology With Artificial Intelligence for Cervical Cancer Screening in a Resource-Limited
Oscar Holmström1, Nina Linder1,2, Harrison Kaingu3
1Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Importance:
Cervical cancer is highly preventable but remains a common and deadly cancer in areas without screening programs. The creation of a diagnostic system to digitize Papanicolaou test samples and analyze them using a cloud-based deep learning system (DLS) may provide needed cervical cancer screening to resource-limited areas.
Objective:
To determine whether artificial intelligence-supported digital microscopy diagnostics can be implemented in a resource-limited setting and used for analysis of Papanicolaou tests.
Design, Setting, And Participants:
In this diagnostic study, cervical smears from 740 HIV-positive women aged between 18 and 64 years were collected between September 1, 2018, and September 30, 2019. The smears were digitized with a portable slide scanner, uploaded to a cloud server using mobile networks, and used to train and validate a DLS for the detection of atypical cervical cells. This single-center study was conducted at a local health care center in rural Kenya.
Exposures:
Detection of squamous cell atypia in the digital samples by analysis with the DLS.
Main Outcomes And Measures:
The accuracy of the DLS in the detection of low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in Papanicolaou test whole-slide images.
Results:
Papanicolaou test results from 740 HIV-positive women (mean [SD] age, 41.8 [10.3] years) were collected. The DLS was trained using 350 whole-slide images and validated on 361 whole-slide images (average size, 100 387 × 47 560 pixels). For detection of cervical cellular atypia, sensitivities were 95.7% (95% CI, 85.5%-99.5%) and 100% (95% CI, 82.4%-100%), and specificities were 84.7% (95% CI, 80.2%-88.5%) and 78.4% (95% CI, 73.6%-82.4%), compared with the pathologist assessment of digital and physical slides, respectively. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. Negative predictive values were high (99%-100%), and accuracy was high, particularly for the detection of high-grade lesions. Interrater agreement was substantial compared with the pathologist assessment of digital slides (κ = 0.72) and fair compared with the assessment of glass slides (κ = 0.36). No samples that were classified as high grade by manual sample analysis had false-negative assessments by the DLS.
Conclusions And Relevance:
In this study, digital microscopy with artificial intelligence was implemented at a rural clinic and used to detect atypical cervical smears with a high sensitivity compared with visual sample analysis.
