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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.4K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.4K
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

2.2K
The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
2.2K
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

2.0K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
2.0K
Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

2.4K
Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
2.4K
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

2.1K
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
2.1K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.4K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
2.4K

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Rational Functionalization Towards Redox-Active TEMPO Stable Free-Radical-Hydrochar Composites.

Greta Patrinoiu1, Jose M Calderon-Moreno1, Simona Somacescu1

  • 1"Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, 060021, Bucharest, Romania.

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|March 18, 2021
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Summary

This study introduces novel redox-active free-radical-hydrochar composites created using a green hydrothermal method. These advanced, metal-free materials show improved electrocatalytic and capacitive properties for sustainable applications.

Keywords:
biomasscarbon materialselectrochemistryradicalssustainable chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Stable free organic radicals and biomass-derived hydrochars are promising green materials.
  • The combination of these materials has not been previously explored.
  • Developing advanced, metal-free sustainable materials is a key research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the union of stable free organic radicals and biomass-derived hydrochars.
  • To create stable redox-active free-radical-hydrochar composites.
  • To investigate the potential of these composites for advanced metal-free sustainable materials.

Main Methods:

  • A straightforward green one-pot hydrothermal procedure was employed.
  • The loading and localization of nitroxide free radicals were engineered.
  • Reaction parameters influenced nucleation, growth kinetics, and covalent immobilization.

Main Results:

  • Stable redox-active free-radical-hydrochar composites were successfully synthesized.
  • Nitroxide free radicals were covalently immobilized on carbonaceous microspherical aggregates.
  • The resulting materials exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity and capacitive features.

Conclusions:

  • The union of stable free radicals and hydrochars yields advanced, metal-free sustainable materials.
  • The developed composites offer unexpected opportunities in materials science.
  • These materials demonstrate significant potential for electrochemical applications.