Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

50.7K
Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
50.7K
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

2.4K
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
2.4K
Gibbs Free Energy02:39

Gibbs Free Energy

36.2K
One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...
36.2K
The First Law of Thermodynamics01:13

The First Law of Thermodynamics

7.0K
The first law of thermodynamics deals with the total amount of energy in the universe. It states that this total amount of energy is constant. In other words, there has always been, and always will be, exactly the same amount of energy in the universe. Energy exists in many different forms. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy may transfer from place to place or transform into different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The transfers and transformations of energy...
7.0K
Entropy within the Cell01:22

Entropy within the Cell

12.2K
A living cell's primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics explains why these tasks are harder than they appear. None of the energy transfers in the universe are completely efficient. In every energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost in a form that is unusable. In most cases, this form is heat energy. Thermodynamically, heat energy is defined as the energy transferred from one system to another that...
12.2K
Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

66.1K
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
66.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

D-SPIN constructs regulatory network models from scRNA-seq that reveal organizing principles of perturbation response.

Cell·2026
Same author

How to quantify immigration from community abundance data using the neutral community model.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Harnessing Higher-Dimensional Fluctuations in an Information Engine.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Effects of symmetry on coupled rotary molecular motors.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

Efficiently Driving F_{1} Molecular Motor in Experiment by Suppressing Nonequilibrium Variation.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Multiparameter optimal control of F_{1}-ATPase.

Physical review. E·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
10:44

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.0K

Free-energy transduction within autonomous systems.

Steven J Large1, Jannik Ehrich1, David A Sivak1

  • 1Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6 Canada.

Physical Review. E
|March 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers introduce a new measure, the "transduced additional free-energy rate," to quantify dissipation in autonomous systems. This rate accurately reflects entropy production, offering a valuable tool for understanding internal energy transfer in biological machines.

More Related Videos

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
09:42

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

9.2K
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

915

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 12, 2025

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
10:44

Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors

Published on: January 31, 2025

1.0K
Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
09:42

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

9.2K
Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

915

Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Excess work quantifies dissipation in systems driven by external perturbations.
  • Biological molecular machines transfer work internally, suggesting a similar relationship.
  • However, a direct link between internal excess work and entropy production is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a new metric, the
  • transduced additional free-energy rate,
  • for autonomous systems.
  • Establish this rate as a measure of dissipation analogous to excess power.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical derivation of the transduced additional free-energy rate.
  • Proof of its equivalence to the steady-state entropy production rate.
  • Application to a simple model system.

Main Results:

  • The transduced additional free-energy rate is defined for strongly coupled subsystems.
  • This rate is proven to equal the steady-state entropy production rate of the downstream subsystem.
  • The metric's advantages are demonstrated using a model system.

Conclusions:

  • The transduced additional free-energy rate provides a relevant measure of dissipation in autonomous systems.
  • It offers a new perspective on energy transduction within biological machines.
  • This metric facilitates a deeper understanding of internal dissipation processes.