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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse
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Understanding the Brain through Aging Eyes.

Marian Blazes1, Cecilia S Lee1,2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.

Advances in Geriatric Medicine and Research
|March 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The retina offers insights into brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). Retinal imaging may reveal biomarkers for earlier AD diagnosis and monitoring.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseasedementiaretinaretinal biomarkerretinal imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • The eye and brain share aging and disease pathways.
  • The retina provides accessible insights into brain neurodegeneration.
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative condition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the retina as a source for understanding brain aging and neurodegeneration.
  • To identify potential retinal biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.
  • To advance knowledge on retinal disease mechanisms in aging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on retinal imaging and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Analysis of shared aging and disease mechanisms between the eye and brain.
  • Exploration of potential diagnostic and monitoring applications.

Main Results:

  • Retinal imaging has identified numerous potential Alzheimer's disease biomarkers.
  • Further research is required to validate these retinal biomarkers.
  • Understanding retinal aging mechanisms can inform broader neurodegenerative disease research.

Conclusions:

  • The retina is a valuable tool for studying brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Retinal biomarkers hold promise for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and monitoring.
  • Investigating retinal disease in aging populations may lead to therapeutic advancements.