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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Recent Advances in Stimuli-Responsive Commodity Polymers.

Siyang Wang1, Qianhui Liu1, Lei Li1

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Responsive polymers adapt to stimuli like temperature and pH, enabling advanced applications. This review covers recent developments in commodity polymers with stimuli-responsive features for diverse uses.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Responsive polymers exhibit adaptability and control over molecular transport or energy conversion in response to stimuli.
  • These materials are crucial for scientific advancements and diverse applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in commodity polymers with stimuli-responsive properties.
  • To focus on polymers sensitive to temperature, pH, ionic strength, and other environmental factors.
  • To explore applications in drug delivery, biosensing, and smart coatings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on stimuli-responsive commodity polymers.
  • Focus on acrylics, epoxies, esters, carbonates, urethanes, and siloxane-based polymers.
  • Analysis of polymers with built-in responsive elements.

Main Results:

  • Recent advances in commodity polymers with stimuli-responsiveness to various triggers (temperature, pH, light, etc.).
  • Integration of responsive elements into polymer architectures.
  • Demonstrated applications in drug delivery, biosensing, and dynamic coatings.

Conclusions:

  • Stimuli-responsive commodity polymers offer significant potential for innovative applications.
  • Further research into stimuli-responsive chemistries will unlock future technological opportunities.
  • The review highlights current advances and future prospects in the field.