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Related Concept Videos

Covalent Bonds01:08

Covalent Bonds

Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Poly(ionic liquid)-Based Covalently Adaptable Networks (PIL-CANs): Polar and Dipolar Interactions.

Md Wali Ullah1, Marek W Urban1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson South Carolina 29634, United States.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces poly(ionic liquid)-based covalently adaptable networks (PIL-CANs) that are reprocessable and maintain properties after damage. These advanced materials offer high performance comparable to epoxies but with lower glass transition temperatures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Covalently adaptable networks (CANs) offer self-healing and reprocessing capabilities.
  • Poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) combine properties of polymers and ionic liquids.
  • Developing PIL-CANs with tunable mechanical properties and recyclability is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel PIL-CANs with variable aliphatic spacer lengths.
  • To investigate the reprocessing and self-healing mechanisms of these PIL-CANs.
  • To evaluate the thermal stability and mechanical performance of the developed materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of PIL-CANs using imidazolium (Im+)-(bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide) (TFSI-) monomers with acetoacetate (AcAc) end-groups.
  • Cross-linking with tris(2-aminoethyl) amine (TREN).
  • Mechanical testing (storage modulus) and thermal analysis (glass transition temperature, Tg).
  • Reprocessing via compression molding at 120 °C.

Main Results:

  • PIL-CANs exhibited high storage modulus (2.5-3.0 GPa).
  • Materials were reprocessable multiple times via compression molding after mechanical damage.
  • Recovery of properties relies on imine-enamine and keto-enol tautomerism.
  • Preservation of storage moduli, junction densities, and entropic energy upon reprocessing.
  • Comparable storage moduli to high-performance networks but lower Tg.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized PIL-CANs demonstrate excellent reprocessability and mechanical integrity.
  • These materials offer a promising alternative to traditional high-performance polymers.
  • Tunable properties through molecular design (spacer length) are feasible.
  • The reprocessing mechanism is linked to dynamic covalent chemistry and tautomerism.