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Electrical Energy

Electrical Energy

Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from one point to another is known as electrical energy. If power is delivered at a constant rate, the electrical energy can be defined as the product of power used by the device for a period of time. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour, where one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 × 106 joules.

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Updated: Nov 12, 2025

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

Published on: March 13, 2017

A self-sustainable wearable multi-modular E-textile bioenergy microgrid system.

Lu Yin¹, Kyeong Nam Kim¹, Jian Lv¹

¹Department of Nanoengineering, Center of Wearable Sensors, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

Nature Communications

|March 22, 2021

Summary

This study presents an e-textile microgrid that harvests energy from human activity. The system efficiently powers wearable electronics, demonstrating a new approach for sustainable, autonomous wearable systems.

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Last Updated: Nov 12, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Energy Harvesting
Wearable Technology

Background:

Limited exploration of integrating energy harvesting and storage in autonomous wearable systems.
Need for sustainable and efficient power sources for e-textiles.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce e-textile microgrids for autonomous wearable systems.
Demonstrate a multi-module bioenergy microgrid powered solely by human activity.

Main Methods:

Harvesting biochemical energy using sweat-based biofuel cells.
Harvesting biomechanical energy using triboelectric generators.
Regulating harvested energy with supercapacitors for high-power output.

Main Results:

The e-textile microgrid powers liquid crystal displays continuously or sweat sensor-electrochromic displays in pulsed sessions.
Achieved half the booting time and triple the runtime during a 10-min exercise session.
Demonstrated efficient energy budgeting and synergistic energy harvesting.

Conclusions:

Flexible, textile-based bioenergy microgrids offer prospects for efficient, sustainable, and autonomous wearable systems.
Implementation of design principles: compatible form factors, commensurate performance, and complementary functionality.
Highlights the potential of human activity as a sole energy source for wearables.