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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

Riboswitches

Riboswitches

Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts

mRNA Interactome Capture from Plant Protoplasts

Published on: July 28, 2017

Long Noncoding RNAs in Plants.

Andrzej T Wierzbicki¹, Todd Blevins², Szymon Swiezewski³

¹Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;

Annual Review of Plant Biology

|March 23, 2021

Summary

Plants utilize diverse RNA polymerases to produce long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). These crucial molecules regulate gene expression and respond to environmental changes, impacting plant growth and survival.

Keywords:

RNA polymerases RNA-directed DNA methylation gene regulation lncRNA

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Area of Science:

Plant molecular biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Plants possess complex transcription machinery, including five nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.
Four of these RNA polymerases are specialized for synthesizing long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs).
lncRNAs are distinct from small RNAs in RNA interference pathways and have diverse functions beyond protein-coding potential.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the definition and production of plant lncRNAs.
To explore the diverse structural and functional roles of lncRNAs in plants.
To organize lncRNA functions within the context of plant gene structure.

Main Methods:

Literature review of plant transcription and lncRNA research.
Analysis of lncRNA roles across various gene elements (promoters, exons, introns, etc.).
Categorization of lncRNA functions based on their impact on gene expression and cellular processes.

Main Results:

lncRNAs are structurally diverse and play roles as structural, catalytic, or regulatory molecules.
They influence gene expression at multiple levels, including chromatin accessibility, transcription, splicing, and translation.
lncRNAs contribute to genome integrity and environmental responses (temperature, drought, pathogens).

Conclusions:

Defining lncRNAs presents challenges due to their diversity.
Plant lncRNAs are integral to gene regulation, genome stability, and adaptation.
Understanding lncRNA functions across gene structures provides a framework for their study.