Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hemodialysis I: Introduction01:25

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

639
Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...
639
Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications01:24

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

268
DialyzersA hemodialysis (HD) dialyzer is a plastic cartridge containing thousands of parallel hollow fibers, which serve as semipermeable membranes. These fibers are typically made from cellulose-based or other synthetic materials. During HD, blood is pumped into the top of the cartridge and distributed among these fibers. Simultaneously, dialysis fluid, known as dialysate, is introduced into the bottom of the cartridge, bathing the outside of the fibers. Across the semipermeable membrane,...
268
Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care01:20

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

113
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...
113
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

1.1K
Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
1.1K
Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management01:25

Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management

388
The nursing management of a patient undergoing hemodialysis includes several critical steps, starting with a thorough assessment before the procedure.Before the Hemodialysis ProcedureFirst, record the patient's vital signs—blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature—to establish a baseline. This baseline is essential for detecting conditions such as hypotension that could impact the patient's response to dialysis. Document the patient's pre-dialysis weight, as this...
388
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

185
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
185

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evidence- and Consensus-based European Guideline for Immunosuppressive Therapy After Pediatric Kidney Transplantation.

Transplantation·2026
Same author

Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for Efficient Polyphenol Extraction from White Mulberry (<i>Morus alba</i>).

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Catheter-related bloodstream infection rates: Comparing cuffed vs. uncuffed catheters in a nationwide series of small children on chronic hemodialysis.

Clinical nephrology·2025
Same author

Development of Diopside-Modified Marl-Based Dielectric Composite for Microelectronics Applications.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Minerals and trace element compositions of some seaweeds from the Marchica lagoon, North-East Mediterranean coast of Morocco.

Marine pollution bulletin·2024
Same author

Introduction of a spectrophotometric method for salivary iodine determination on microplate based on Sandell-Kolthoff reaction.

Radiology and oncology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry
10:24

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 28, 2014

15.5K

Citrate-induced local ionized calcium decrease in pediatric hemodialysis settings: An in-vitro study.

Gregor Novljan1,2, Mitja Kolar3, Lea Kastelec3

  • 1Pediatric Nephrology Department, Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

The Journal of Vascular Access
|March 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Concentrated citrate used in dialysis catheters significantly lowers blood calcium (Ca2+) at the catheter tip. This effect is more pronounced with 30% citrate, posing potential risks for both pediatric and adult patients.

Keywords:
Calciumcentral venous catheterchildrencitratelocking solution

More Related Videos

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
11:30

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

Published on: June 2, 2022

2.2K
Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli
12:19

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Published on: June 27, 2015

11.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry
10:24

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 28, 2014

15.5K
A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
11:30

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

Published on: June 2, 2022

2.2K
Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli
12:19

Single-channel Analysis and Calcium Imaging in the Podocytes of the Freshly Isolated Glomeruli

Published on: June 27, 2015

11.2K

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Citrate is used in dialysis catheters to prevent clotting.
  • Citrate instillation can lead to a decrease in blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) due to chelation.
  • The local impact of concentrated citrate spilling on Ca2+ at the catheter tip requires evaluation, especially in pediatric conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the real-time, local impact of concentrated (30%) citrate spilling on ionized calcium (Ca2+) concentration at the dialysis catheter tip.
  • To compare the effect of 30% citrate with standard 4% citrate on Ca2+ levels.
  • To assess the influence of simulated atrial volume on citrate's effect on Ca2+.

Main Methods:

  • An in-vitro model was developed using an ion-selective electrode (Ca-ISE).
  • A pre-curved dialysis catheter and Ca-ISE were submerged in saline simulating pediatric and adult atrial volumes.
  • Measurements of Ca2+ were taken with 4% and 30% citrate solutions, with instilled citrate volume matching catheter fill volume.

Main Results:

  • Mean Ca2+ at the catheter tip significantly decreased from 0.457 mmol/l (4% citrate) to 0.058 mmol/l (30% citrate) (p < 0.001).
  • Simulated atrial volume (30 ml vs. 80 ml) did not significantly alter Ca2+ levels when using 30% citrate (0.058 vs. 0.055 mmol/l, p = 0.878).

Conclusions:

  • Spilling of 30% citrate causes a substantially greater reduction in Ca2+ at the catheter tip compared to 4% citrate.
  • Atrial volume does not influence the Ca2+ reduction, suggesting similar safety concerns for pediatric and adult patients.
  • The static experimental setup may have overestimated the observed spilling effect on Ca2+ concentration.