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Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer
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Macula pigment optical densitometry changes in hydroxychloroquine use.

Naciye Kabataş1, Serdar Özateş2, Neşe Arslan Avarisli1

  • 1Department of Ophtalmology, Diskapi Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology
|March 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use is associated with reduced macular pigment optical density (MPOD). Further research is needed to determine MPOD

Keywords:
Hydroxychloroquineautofluorescencemacular pigment optical density

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology
  • Retinal Imaging

Background:

  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a medication used to treat autoimmune diseases.
  • Ocular toxicity is a known side effect of long-term HCQ use.
  • Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) is a measure of retinal pigment concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use and abnormalities in macular pigment optical density (MPOD).
  • To assess MPOD as a potential biomarker for early retinal changes in HCQ users.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty patients on HCQ treatment and 48 age- and gender-matched controls underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations.
  • Macular pigment optical density (MPOD) was measured using fundus reflectometry.
  • Detailed retinal imaging, including fundus photography, autofluorescence, and OCT, was performed.

Main Results:

  • Patients using HCQ showed significantly decreased choroidal thickness (p=0.001).
  • Maximum and mean MPOD values were significantly lower in the HCQ group compared to controls (p=0.005 and p=0.003, respectively).
  • No significant differences were observed in central foveal thickness or visual field parameters between groups.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use is linked to reduced macular pigment optical density (MPOD).
  • MPOD may serve as an indicator for early retinal changes in patients on HCQ therapy.
  • Further studies are warranted to establish the sensitivity and specificity of MPOD for detecting HCQ-induced retinal alterations.