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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Information Processing Approach01:30

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

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Evaluating working memory outcome measures for children with Down syndrome.

E K Schworer1, A J Esbensen1,2, D J Fidler3

  • 1Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR
|March 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Several working memory tests are suitable for clinical trials in children with Down syndrome (DS), but raw scores are recommended over standard scores due to potential floor effects. Guidelines are provided for using these measures in DS research.

Keywords:
Down syndromechildrenclinical trialsmeasurementworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Down syndrome (DS) research requires validated cognitive outcome measures for clinical trials.
  • Working memory is a critical cognitive skill in individuals with Down syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To psychometrically evaluate standardized working memory measures for use in Down syndrome clinical trials.
  • To assess the feasibility, reliability, and validity of these measures in children and adolescents with DS.

Main Methods:

  • Ninety children and adolescents (6-18 years) with DS were assessed on verbal and visuospatial working memory subtests at two time points.
  • Caregiver adaptive behavior questionnaires were used to assess convergent validity.

Main Results:

  • Stanford Binet-5 and WISC-5 Picture Span measures showed strong psychometric properties across a wide age and IQ range.
  • Some measures, like DAS-2 Recall of Sequential Order and Digits Backward, had limitations but showed feasibility in specific subgroups.
  • Floor effects on standard scores and feasibility issues were noted for certain measures.

Conclusions:

  • Several working memory measures are psychometrically sound for Down syndrome clinical trials, particularly when using raw scores.
  • Guidelines are offered for the appropriate use of these measures in the Down syndrome population.
  • Further research may be needed to address limitations of specific assessment tools.