Facile fabrication and characterization of kraft lignin@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites using pH driven precipitation: Effects...

This work offers a facile fabrication method for lignin nanocomposites through the assembly of kraft lignin onto magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) based on pH-driven precipitation, without needing organic solvents or lignin functionalization. Kraft lignin@Fe₃O₄ multicore nanocomposites fabrication proceeded using a simple, pH-driven precipitation technique. An alkaline solution for kraft lignin (pH 12) was rapidly injected into an aqueous-based Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle colloidal suspension (pH 7) under constant mixing conditions, allowing the fabrication of lignin magnetic nanocomposites. The effects of increasing lignin to initial Fe₃O₄ mass content (g/g), increasing in ratio from 1:1 to 20:1, are discussed with a complete chemical, structural, and morphological characterization. Results showed that nanocomposites fabricated above 5:1 lignin:Fe₃O₄ had the highest lignin coverage and content (>20%), possessed superparamagnetic properties (Ms ≈ 45,000 A·m²/kg²); had a negative surface charge (-30 mV), and formed multicore nanostructures (D_H ≈ 150 nm). The multicore lignin@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites allowed rapid magnetically induced separations from suspension. After 5 min exposure to a rare-earth neodymium magnet (1.27 mm × 1.27 mm × 5.08 mm), lignin@Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites exhibited a maximum methylene blue removal efficiency of 74.1% ± 7.1%. These nanocomposites have potential in magnetically induced separations to remove organic dyes, heavy metals, or other lignin adsorbates.