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Protein Organization

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Protein Folding

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Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot form these interactions, the protein cannot fold by itself and needs chaperones. Notably, chaperones do not relay any additional information required for the folding of polypeptides; the native conformation of a protein is determined solely by its amino acid sequence. Chaperones catalyze protein folding without being a part of the folded protein.
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Protein Folding

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Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
Protein Structure Is Critical to Its Biological Function
Proteins perform a wide range of biological functions such as catalyzing chemical reactions, providing...

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot form these interactions, the protein cannot fold by itself and needs chaperones. Notably, chaperones do not relay any additional information required for the folding of polypeptides; the native conformation of a protein is determined solely by its amino acid sequence. Chaperones catalyze protein folding without being a part of the folded protein.
The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Published on: April 26, 2013

Genome folding through loop extrusion by SMC complexes.

Iain F Davidson¹, Jan-Michael Peters²

¹Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology

|March 26, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The loop extrusion hypothesis explains genome architecture and functions. Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes like condensin and cohesin extrude DNA loops, impacting gene regulation and DNA organization.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Chromatin Structure

Background:

Genomic DNA is organized into loops and topologically associating domains (TADs) crucial for structure and regulation.
The formation of these structures is hypothesized to involve a loop extrusion process mediated by protein complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the loop extrusion hypothesis and its role in genome architecture.
To discuss the cellular functions and regulatory mechanisms of loop extrusion.
To highlight the paradigm shift in understanding genome organization and SMC complex functions.

Main Methods:

Review of recent single-molecule studies on DNA loop extrusion by SMC complexes.
Discussion of experimental evidence supporting the loop extrusion model.
Analysis of the role of CTCF and chromatin boundaries in regulating loop extrusion.

Main Results:

Single-molecule studies confirm condensin and cohesin can extrude DNA loops.
The loop extrusion hypothesis explains key features of genome architecture and TAD formation.
Loop extrusion is implicated in DNA replication, enhancer-promoter interactions, and V(D)J recombination.

Conclusions:

The loop extrusion model provides a unifying framework for genome architecture.
Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) complexes are key drivers of genome organization.
This hypothesis has significantly advanced our understanding of genome structure and function.