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Competition

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Determining Temperature Preference of Mosquitoes and Other Ectotherms

Determining Temperature Preference of Mosquitoes and Other Ectotherms

Published on: September 28, 2022

Assessing temperature-dependent competition between two invasive mosquito species.

Michelle V Evans^1,2, John M Drake^1,2, Lindsey Jones³

¹Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E Green St., Athens, Georgia, USA.

Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America

|March 27, 2021

Summary

Aedes aegypti outcompetes Anopheles stephensi across temperatures, impacting invasive mosquito dynamics. This competition influences the distribution of An. stephensi, potentially affecting malaria transmission risk.

Keywords:

Aedes aegypti Anopheles stephensi invasive species malaria mosquito ecology temperature-dependent competition

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Vector Biology
Epidemiology

Background:

Invasive mosquito species are expanding their ranges, leading to novel interactions with native species.
Understanding these interactions is crucial for predicting disease transmission risk.
Mosquito life-history traits are sensitive to temperature, influencing interspecific competition.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate temperature-dependent competition between invasive Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi.
To determine how competition affects mosquito population dynamics and competitive abilities.

Main Methods:

Mosquito cohorts of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi were raised at varying densities across five temperatures (16-32°C).
Larval survival, development times, and per capita growth rates were measured.
Competitive abilities were estimated based on derived growth rates.

Main Results:

Asymmetric competition was observed across all tested temperatures.
Ae. aegypti demonstrated superior competitive ability over An. stephensi.
Differences in larval survival and development times favored Ae. aegypti, leading to higher intrinsic growth rates.

Conclusions:

Ae. aegypti is the dominant competitor against An. stephensi under the studied conditions.
Interspecific competition may play a significant role in shaping the invasive distribution of An. stephensi.
The spread of An. stephensi could alter malaria transmission patterns, particularly in urban settings.