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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.

Most enzymes...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Cocatalyst Engineering in Piezocatalysis: A Promising Strategy for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution.

Guodong Yang¹, Qin Chen^1,2, Weijun Wang¹

¹Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|March 29, 2021

Summary

Cocatalysts enhance piezoelectric semiconductor piezocatalysis for renewable hydrogen generation. Palladium nanoparticles on bismuth ferrite nanosheets significantly boost hydrogen evolution rates by improving charge separation and catalytic activity.

Keywords:

Schottky barrier cocatalyst domain size exposed facet piezocatalysis

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Published on: August 17, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Renewable Energy

Background:

Piezocatalysis converts mechanical energy to chemical energy via piezoelectric semiconductors.
It is promising for hydrogen generation and wastewater treatment.
Charge carrier separation, transfer, and consumption are key mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of cocatalysts in enhancing piezoelectric semiconductor piezocatalysis.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of palladium (Pd) as a cocatalyst on bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanosheets for hydrogen evolution.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of Pd-decorated BiFeO3 nanosheets.
Characterization of the hybrid material's structure and properties.
Evaluation of piezocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution under mechanical vibration.

Main Results:

The Pd/BiFeO3 hybrid piezocatalyst achieved a hydrogen evolution rate of 11.4 μmol h⁻¹ (10 mg catalyst), 19 times higher than bare BiFeO3.
Pd facilitated charge carrier separation and provided active sites for proton reduction.
Band tilting induced by piezoelectric potential improved electron transfer from BiFeO3 to Pd.

Conclusions:

Cocatalyst engineering is a viable strategy to advance piezocatalyst design.
Optimizing Pd loading, facet exposure, and domain size is crucial for maximizing piezocatalytic activity.
This work offers insights for developing highly efficient piezocatalysts for hydrogen production.