Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

252
Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
252
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

3.5K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
3.5K
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

492
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
492
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

1.3K
Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
1.3K
Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

7.1K
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent...
7.1K
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

62
Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
62

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluation of powder discharge-based KinetiSol<sup>TM</sup> (pKSD) as a fast and solvent-free particle engineering process for pulmonary drug delivery.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

SedNet: A physics-informed operator-learning framework for rapid sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation analysis.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Orbitofrontal Epilepsies: Intracranial Electroencephalography and Surgical Aspects.

Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society·2025
Same author

Drum Filling of Thin-Film Freeze-Dried Monoclonal Antibody Powder in UniDose Powder Nasal Spray System.

Pharmaceutical research·2025
Same author

Controlled release and extended pulmonary retention of inhaled therapeutics: A review.

European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences·2025
Same author

p53-miR-34a feedback in lung fibroblasts regulates antifibrotic effects of CSP7, nintedanib, and pirfenidone.

American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory
08:58

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

Published on: March 7, 2018

9.6K

Specific mechanical energy - An essential parameter in the processing of amorphous solid dispersions.

Stephen A Thompson1, Robert O Williams1

  • 1The University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX 78712, United States.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|March 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Specific mechanical energy (SME) is crucial for hot-melt extrusion (HME) processing of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). Understanding SME ensures API amorphous conversion without degradation, optimizing formulation quality and HME design space.

Keywords:
Hot melt extrusionKinetisol solid dispersionNahme numberNoyes–WhitneyStokes–EinsteinViscous dissipation

More Related Videos

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization
09:35

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

Published on: December 25, 2017

28.9K
Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory
08:58

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

Published on: March 7, 2018

9.6K
Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization
09:35

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

Published on: December 25, 2017

28.9K
Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Technology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Specific mechanical energy (SME) is a critical, yet often overlooked, parameter in hot-melt extrusion (HME).
  • Successful processing of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) relies on a precise balance of thermal input and SME.
  • Inadequate or excessive SME can lead to incomplete API amorphous conversion or chemical degradation of the API and carrier polymer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of SME in pharmaceutical ASD processing via HME.
  • To highlight the significance of SME for various formulation attributes.
  • To explore potential future applications of SME in pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of theoretical background concerning SME in HME.
  • Discussion of the interplay between thermal and mechanical energy inputs.
  • Review of independent processing parameters (e.g., screw speed, feed rate) and their collective impact via SME.

Main Results:

  • SME quantifies the combined effect of independent HME parameters, offering insights lost when analyzed separately.
  • Optimal SME is essential for achieving the desired amorphous state of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
  • SME directly influences formulation quality and the manufacturability of ASDs.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of the HME process necessitates the analysis of SME.
  • SME is vital for defining the design space in ASD formulation development.
  • Future research should focus on novel applications of SME for advanced pharmaceutical processing.