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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

2.6K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
2.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

1.2K
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.2K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.2K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.2K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

1.5K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
1.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.3K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.3K
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

1.2K
Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are...
1.2K

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Updated: Nov 11, 2025

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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Tuning interactions between spins in a superconductor.

Hao Ding1,2, Yuwen Hu1,2, Mallika T Randeria1,2

  • 1Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers precisely controlled magnetic spins on a superconductor surface, tuning interactions and emergent electronic states. This enables engineering topological phases and Majorana zero modes for quantum applications.

Keywords:
Majorana fermionscondensed matter physicsscanning tunneling microscopysuperconductivitytopological states

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Topological superconductors with Majorana zero modes (MZMs) are promising for quantum computing.
  • Understanding spin-superconductor interactions is key to engineering these phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate precise control over spin interactions and emergent electronic states in a superconductor.
  • To explore the creation of novel topological electronic phases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to position magnetic adatoms on a superconducting bismuth thin film.
  • Employed high-resolution STM spectroscopy at millikelvin temperatures to probe spin-induced Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states.
  • Investigated the interplay of RKKY interaction, spin-orbit coupling, and magnetic anisotropy.

Main Results:

  • Achieved tunable exchange interactions between spins and controlled hybridization of YSR states.
  • Observed distinct spin alignments stabilized by varying spin separation.
  • Demonstrated a quantum phase transition tuned by spin separation and long-range spin-spin interactions mediated by the superconductor.

Conclusions:

  • Precise control of YSR state hybridization offers a pathway to engineer the band structure for topological phases.
  • This platform facilitates the creation and manipulation of exotic electronic states in superconductors.
  • The findings pave the way for realizing Majorana zero modes and advancing topological quantum technologies.