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Chemical Reactions01:19

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A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
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All chemical reactions begin with a reactant, the general term for one or more substances entering the reaction. Sodium and chloride ions, for example, are the reactants in the production of table salt. One or more substances produced by a chemical reaction are called the product. Chemical reactions follow the law of conservation of mass, which means that matter cannot be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The components of the reactants—the number of atoms and the...
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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
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Nature-Inspired Chemical Engineering for Process Intensification.

Marc-Olivier Coppens1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Centre for Nature-Inspired Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom;

Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
|March 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nature-inspired solutions (NIS) offer a systematic approach to innovation for grand challenges like sustainable development. This methodology leverages fundamental natural mechanisms for enhanced engineering processes and transformative technologies.

Keywords:
confinement effectsdynamicshierarchical transport networksnature-inspiredsustainabilitysystems

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Area of Science:

  • Engineering
  • Sustainable Development
  • Biomimicry

Background:

  • Scalability, efficiency, and resilience are crucial for both natural systems and engineering processes.
  • Addressing grand challenges requires innovative and transformative technologies.
  • Nature provides optimized fundamental mechanisms for system performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a nature-inspired solution (NIS) methodology as a systematic platform for innovation.
  • To inform the development of transformative technologies for grand challenges, including sustainable development.
  • To demonstrate the application of NIS in chemical engineering for process intensification.

Main Methods:

  • Identifying and grouping fundamental mechanisms observed in nature (e.g., hierarchical transport networks, dynamic self-organization).
  • Adapting these natural mechanisms for effective incorporation into engineering design.
  • Applying the NIS methodology to specific chemical engineering processes like fluidization and catalysis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated significantly higher performance in chemical engineering applications (fluidization, catalysis, fuel cells, membrane separations) through NIS.
  • Successfully leveraged universal mechanisms optimized in nature for engineering design.
  • Showcased the adaptability of NIS across diverse fields, including biomedical engineering and information technology.

Conclusions:

  • The NIS methodology provides a robust framework for innovation and technological advancement.
  • Nature-inspired approaches can lead to substantial improvements in engineering process efficiency and performance.
  • NIS principles are broadly applicable, offering potential for transformative impact across multiple scientific and technological domains.